Наблюдательные
проявления черных дыр в рентгеновских двойных и активных ядрах галактик.
М.Р.Гильфанов
На конкурс представлен обзор:
Gilfanov, M. and Merloni, A.
Observational Appearance of Black Holes in X-Ray Binaries and AGN
Space Science Reviews, 2014, Vol.183, 121. Also to appear in hard cover in the
Space Sciences Series of ISSI "The Physics of Accretion onto Black
Holes" (Springer Publisher).
Accretion onto black holes powers most luminous compact
sources in the Universe. Black holes are found with masses extending over an
extraordinary broad dynamic range, from several to a few billion times the mass
of the Sun. Depending on their position on the mass scale, they may manifest
themselves as X-ray binaries or active galactic nuclei. X-ray binaries harbor
stellar mass black holes – endpoints of the evolution of massive stars. They
have been studied by X-ray astronomy since its inception in the early 60-ies,
however, the enigma of the most luminous of them – ultra-luminous X-ray
sources, still remains unsolved. Supermassive black holes, lurking at the
centers of galaxies, are upto hundreds of millions times more massive and give
rise to the wide variety of different phenomena collectively termed
"Active Galactic Nuclei". The most luminous of them reach the
Eddington luminosity limit for a few billions solar masses object and are found
at redshifts as high as z>5-7. Accretion onto supermassive black holes in
AGN and stellar- and (possibly) intermediate mass black holes in X-ray binaries
and ultra-luminous X-ray sources in star-forming galaxies can explain most, if
not all, of the observed brightness of the cosmic X-ray background radiation.
Despite the vast difference in the mass scale, accretion in X-ray binaries and
AGN is governed by the same physical
laws, so a degree of quantitative analogy among them is expected. Indeed,
all luminous black holes are successfully described by the standard
Shakura-Sunyaev theory of accretion disks, while the output of low-luminosity
accreting black holes in the form of mechanical and radiative power of the
associated jets obeys to a unified scaling relation, termed as the ``fundamental
plane of black holes''. From that standpoint, in this review we discuss formation
of radiation in X-ray binaries and AGN, emphasizing their main similarities and
differences, and examine our current knowledge of the demographics of stellar
mass and supermassive black holes.